Highlights
- •It is possible to prevent progression to type 2 diabetes in high risk individuals.
- •Risk of complications from type 2 diabetes can be reduced by good early control.
- •The Berlin Declaration proposes simple policies to target these issues.
- •It is hoped that this will empower people to take action and improve outcomes.
- •Primary care physicians have a key role in implementing the Berlin Declaration.
Abstract
Keywords
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Primary Care DiabetesReferences
International Diabetes Federation, IDF Diabetes Atlas – 8th Edition, 2017. http://www.diabetesatlas.org/component/attachments/?task=download&id=254. (Last accessed 3 January 2018).
N.I.o.H. US Department of Health and Human Services, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Disease, Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), 2003. www.niddk.nih.gov/aboutniddk/researchareas/diabetes/diabetes-preventionprogram-dpp/Documents/DPP_508.pdf. (Last accessed 3 March 2017).
- Diabetes prevention in the real world: effectiveness of pragmatic lifestyle interventions for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and of the impact of adherence to guideline recommendations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetes Care. 2014; 37: 922-933
- Efficacy and effectiveness of screen and treat policies in prevention of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of screening tests and interventions.Bmj. 2017; 356i6538
- ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the Task Force on diabetes pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD).Eur Heart J. 2013; 34: 3035-3087
- Cardiovascular protection in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a review of clinical trial results across drug classes.Am J Cardiol. 2017; 120: S17-S27
- The Cost of Diabetes.2015 (http://www.diabetes.org/advocacy/news-events/cost-of-diabetes.html. (Last accessed 6 June 2017))
- Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2012.Diabetes Care. 2013; 36: 1033-1046
- Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2017.Diabetes Care. 2017; 40: S1-S135
- Years of life gained by multifactorial intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: 21 years follow-up on the Steno-2 randomised trial.Diabetologia. 2016; 59: 2298-2307
- Impact of a general practitioner-led integrated model of care on the cost of potentially preventable diabetes-related hospitalisations.Prim Care Diabetes. 2017; 11: 344-347
- Long-term effects of a randomised trial of a 6-year lifestyle intervention in impaired glucose tolerance on diabetes-related microvascular complications: the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Outcome Study.Diabetologia. 2011; 54: 300-307
- Health-related quality-of-life implications of cardiovascular events in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a subanalysis from the Saxagliptin Assessment of Vascular Outcomes Recorded in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus (SAVOR)-TIMI 53 trial.Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017; 130: 24-33
- Type 2 diabetes and quality of life.World J Diabetes. 2017; 8: 120-129
- A collective ambition for policy change to drive early action in type 2 diabetes.2016 (http://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/Berlin-Declaration-2016.pdf. (Last accessed 3 March 2017))
- Early Acton Summary Report.2016 (http://www.earlyactionberlin.com/. (Last accessed 4 September 2017))
- Alma-Ata to Berlin: diabetes prevention and treatment to achieve healthy living.Diabet Med. 2017; 34: 1169-1170
- Diabetes care and research in Europe: the Saint Vincent declaration.Diabet Med. 1990; 7: 360
- Global CVD Roadmaps.2017
- Reducing cardiovascular disease globally: the World Heart Federation’s roadmaps.Glob Heart. 2015; 10: 93-95
- What Researchers Mean By… Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Prevention.2015 (http://www.iwh.on.ca/system/files/at-work/at_work_80.pdf. (Last accessed 3 March 2017))
- Screening for type 2 diabetes: literature review and economic modelling.Health Technol Assess. 2007; 11 (iii–iv, ix–xi, 1–125)
- A narrative systematic review of factors affecting diabetes prevention in primary care settings.PLoS One. 2017; 12e0177699
- Preventing diabetes early versus late preventive interventions.Diabetes Care. 2016; 39: S115-–S120
- Best practices for the prevention and management of diabetes and obesity-related chronic disease among indigenous peoples in Canada: a review.Can J Diabetes. 2016; 40: 216-225
- Dietary adherence, glycemic control, and psychological factors associated with binge eating among indigenous and non-indigenous Chileans with type 2 diabetes.Int J Behav Med. 2015; 22: 792-798
- Disseminating best-evidence health-care to Indigenous health-care settings and programs in Australia: identifying the gaps.Health Promot Int. 2009; 24: 404-415
- Liraglutide and renal outcomes inin type 2 diabetes.N Engl J Med. 2017; 377: 839-848
- Liraglutide and cardiovascular in type 2 diabetes.N Engl J Med. 2016; 375: 311-322
- Lower risk of heart failure and death in patients initiated on sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors versus other glucose-lowering drugs: the CVD-REAL study (Comparative effectiveness of cardiovascular outcomes in new users of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors).Circulation. 2017; 136: 249-259
- Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes following initiation of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors versus other glucose-lowering drugs (CVD-REAL Nordic): a multinational observational analysis.Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017; 5: 709-717
- Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes.N Engl J Med. 2017; 377: 644-–657
- Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular outcomes, and mortalityin type 2 diabetes.N Engl J Med. 2015; 373: 2117-2128
- DESMOND Project.2008 (http://www.desmond-project.org.uk/. (Last accessed 13 July 2017))
- X-PERT Diabetes Course.2017 (https://www.xperthealth.org.uk/Courses. (Last accessed 13 July 2017))
- 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes.N Engl J Med. 2008; 359: 1577-1589
- Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP).2008 (https://www.niddk.nih.gov/about-niddk/research-areas/diabetes/diabetes-prevention-program-dpp/Documents/DPP_508.pdf. (Last accessed 6 June 2017))
- National Medicines List/Formulary/Standard Treatment Guidelines.2017 (http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/en/. (Last accessed 4 September 2017))
- Tracking Universal Health Coverage First Global Monitoring Report.2015 (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/174536/1/9789241564977_eng.pdf?ua=1. (Last accessed 6 June 2017))
- Integrated primary care: is this the solution to the diabetes epidemic?.Diabet Med. 2017; 34: 748-750
- Who looks after people with diabetes: primary or secondary care?.J R Soc Med. 2000; 93: 183-186
- The missing link—the role of primary care in global health.Glob Health Action. 2014; 7: 23693
- VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Primary Care (2017).2017 (https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/CD/diabetes/. (Last accessed 13 June 2017))
- Interventions to improve the management of diabetes mellitus in primary care, outpatient and community settings.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; : CD001481
- Understanding pressures in general practice.2016 (https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/files/kf/field/field_publication_file/Understanding-GP-pressures-Kings-Fund-May-2016.pdf. (Last accessed 13 June 2017))
- The prevalence of meeting A1C, blood pressure, and LDL goals among people with diabetes, 1988-2010.Diabetes Care. 2013; 36: 2271-2279
- Clinical inertia with regard to intensifying therapy in people with type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin.Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016; 18: 401-409
- Clinical inertia in people with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study of more than 80,000 people.Diabetes Care. 2013; 36: 3411-3417
- Poor medication adherence in type 2 diabetes: recognizing the scope of the problem and its key contributors.Patient Prefer Adherence. 2016; 10: 1299-1307
- Therapeutic inertia in patients treated with two or more antidiabetics in primary care: factors predicting intensification of treatment.Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018; 20: 103-112
- Improving adherence and outcomes in diabetic patients.Patient Prefer Adherence. 2017; 11: 271-275
- Effectiveness of chronic care models for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ Open. 2017; 7e013076
- What is the evidence on the economic impacts of integrated care?.Copenhagen World Health Org. 2014; 11: 478-488
- Integrated care programmes for chronically ill patients: a review of systematic reviews.Int J Qual Health Care. 2005; 17: 141-146
- An introduction to integrated care and diabetes integrated car.in: Simmons D. Wenzel H. Zgibor J.C. Integrated Diabetes Care. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland2017: 1-9
- Facillitating diabetes care — a community approach.BMJ Qual Improv Rep. 2013; 2
- Evaluating the impact of an enhanced primary care diabetes service on diabetes outcomes: a before-after study.Prim Care Diabetes. 2017; 11: 171-177
- Global Report on Diabetes.2016 (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204871/1/9789241565257_eng.pdf?ua=1. (Last accessed 6 June 2017))
- The Canadaian Diabetes Risk Questionnaire.2017 (http://www.take2minutes.ca/. (Last accessed 16 June 2017))
- NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme (NHS DPP).2017 (https://www.england.nhs.uk/diabetes/diabetes-prevention/. (Last accessed 4 September 2017))
- Stop Diabetes.2016 (http://stopdiabetes.com/. (Last accessed 16 June 2017))
- Plano de ações estratégicas para o enfrentamento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) no Brasil, 2011-2022.Ministério da Saúde, Brasília2011 (http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/plano_acoes_enfrent_dcnt_2011.pdf. (Last accessed 4 September 2017))
- Gobierno de Espana, Estrategia en Diabetes del Sistema Nacional de Salud.2012 (http://www.msps.es/organizacion/sns/planCalidadSNS/pdf/excelencia/cuidadospaliativos-diabetes/DIABETES/Estrategia_en_diabetes_del_SNS_Accesible.pdf. (Last accessed 20 December 2017))
- Delaying progression to type 2 diabetes among high-risk Spanish individuals is feasible in real-life primary healthcare settings using intensive lifestyle intervention.Diabetologia. 2012; 55: 1319-1328
- Rationale and design of the DP-TRANSFERS project: diabetes prevention-transferring findings from European research to society in Catalonia.J Transl Med. 2016; 14: 103
- 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study.Lancet. 2009; 374: 1677-1686
- Trends in chronic complications of type 2 diabetic patients from Spanish primary health care centres (GEDAPS study): ten year-implementation of St. Vincent recommendations.Prim Care Diabetes. 2012; 6: 11-18
- China National Plan for NCD Prevention and Treatment (2012-2015).2012 (http://www.chinacdc.cn/en/ne/201207/t20120725_64430.html. (Last accessed 6 June 2017))
- Strategic Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases 2013–17.2013 (http://www.hsrc.ac.za/uploads/pageContent/3893/NCDs%20STRAT%20PLAN%20%20CONTENT%208%20april%20proof.pdf. (Last accessed 6 June 2017))
- What is the DESMOND Programme?.2017 (http://www.desmond-project.org.uk/whatisthedesmondprogramme-271.html. (Last accessed 4 September 2017))