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Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UKNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UKNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UKNIHR Applied Research Collaboration – East Midlands (ARC-EM), Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UKLeicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UKNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UKLeicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UKLeicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UKLeicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UKNIHR Applied Research Collaboration – East Midlands (ARC-EM), Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
Whilst emerging evidence has suggested that those with cardiometabolic diseases are at higher risk of severe COVID-19 and resulting complications, less is known about the relative importance of related lifestyle factors. Obesity in particular is associated with impaired pulmonary function, a suppressed immune system and has been identified as a risk factor in previous infectious outbreaks [
In order to inform this area, we investigated the association between obesity and laboratory confirmed COVID-19 within UK Biobank (application number 36371). Our hypothesis was that BMI and waist circumference would be independently associated with COVID-19.
UK Biobank (https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/) is a large prospective cohort of 502,543 middle-aged adults. Assessments were conducted between March 2006 and July 2010. UK Biobank data are linked to national SARS-CoV-2 laboratory test data through Public Health England (PHE). Data provided included specimen origin (hospital inpatient indicating severe COVID-19 vs other settings). Data were available for the period 16th March 2020 to 3rd May 2020.
We undertook logistic regression progressively adjusted for potential confounders (Fig. 1). BMI was categorised as normal weight (18.5–<25 kg/m2); overweight (25–<30 kg/m2); obese (30–<35 kg/m2); and severely obese (≥35 kg/m2). Nonlinear effects were investigated using restricted cubic splines with knots placed at the 33th and 66th centile of variable distribution.
Fig. 1Association between BMI, waist circumference and laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2.
Model 2 adjusted for: age, sex, ethnicity, social deprivation [Townsend index], cancer illnesses [number], non-cancer illnesses [number], treatments/medications undertaken [number], systolic blood pressure and household density [number per house].
Model 3 adjusted for: Model 2 plus smoking status [never, past, current], walking pace [slow, steady average, brisk], leisure time physical activity [MET.minutes/week], fruit and vegetable consumption [portions per week], red meat consumption [portions per week] and alcohol intake [units/day].
References (odds ratio 1) are 25 kg/m2 for BMI and 80 cm for waist circumference. Odds ratios (lines) and confidence intervals (areas) are plotted for ranges of BMI and waist circumference values (x axes) between the 2.5th and 97.5th centile of their distributions. Shaded area as 95% CI.
There were 2494 unique test results available, of which 882 (35.4%) were positive; 1408 (56.5%) tests were conducted on inpatients. Those with test data had a median (IQR) age of 71 (61, 76) years, BMI of 27·6 (24·7, 31·1) kg/m2, waist circumference of 93 (83, 103) cm.
Both BMI and waist circumference (Fig. 1) were associated with testing positive for COVID-19 in a dose-response fashion. Adjustment for possible confounders did not change the results. The adjusted odds ratio for overweight, obese and severely obese subjects was 1·31 (95% CI: 1·05, 1·62), 1·55 (1·19, 2·02), and 1·57 (1·14, 2·17), respectively, compared to normal weight. Interpretation was not affected if data were restricted to in-patients (severe cases) only (data not shown).
Although limited by possible selection bias, these results provide early evidence for a dose-repose association between BMI, waist circumference and COVID-19. Further analysis on the association between obesity and COVID-19 complications, severity and mortality will be possible as UK Biobank data continues to be updated.
Funding/Support
This work was supported by the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR Applied Research Centre East Midlands. Data was analysed using UK Biobank application number 36371
Role of the Funder/Sponsor
The funder/sponsor had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Conflict of interest
We declare no competing interests.
References
Muscogiuri G.
Pugliese G.
Barrea L.
Savastano S.
Colao A.
Obesity: the “Achilles heel” for COVID-19?.
Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental.2020; (Online first doi:)
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