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Research Article|Articles in Press

Type 1 diabetes mellitus – Population characterization and metabolic control outcomes in a Portuguese patient sample

Published:January 14, 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2023.01.001
Type 1 diabetes mellitus – Population characterization and metabolic control outcomes in a Portuguese patient sample
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      Highlights

      • •
        Our sample included 208 children and adolescents with a median HbA1c of 7.3 %.
      • •
        Insulin pump provided by the national health service allows most to use it.
      • •
        Insulin pump users had a lower HbAc.
      • •
        Continuous glucose monitoring users had a lower HbAc.
      • •
        In Portugal, healthy policy allows to achieve better goals in DM1 patients.

      Abstract

      Aims

      To characterize a cohort of T1D patients and to compare diabetes control between patients using different regimen of insulin therapy and glucose monitoring.

      Methods

      Were included all T1D patients followed at the Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, between April 1st and June 30th, 2021. Several clinical and demographic variables were analyzed.

      Results

      Our sample included 208 patients, 56.7 % males, mean age of 12.7 ± 4.6 years. The median HbA1c was 7.3 %. Most patients, 78.8% were treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and 81.3 % used continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). CSII had a lower HbAc compared with multiple daily injections (MDI) users (7.1vs 8.1 %, p < 0.01). In the CSII group, those who used CGM had a lower HbAc (7.1 vs 7.5 %,p = 0.02). Analyzing the data of the ambulatory glucose report, the CSII users had a lower glucose management indicator, (7.2 % vs 7.6 %, p < 0.01), more time in range (58.0 % vs 52.4 %;p < 0.01) and less time above range > 250 mg/dL (12.4 % vs 20.5 %;p < 0.01) than MDI users.

      Conclusions

      The median HbA1c was 7.3% very close to the recommended target. In Portugal, pediatric patients can access a CSII provided by the national health service and a CGM system due to an elevated reimbursement of their cost. This healthy policy allows us to achieve better goals without the risk of hypoglycemia.

      Abbreviations:

      ADA (American Diabetes Association), AGP (Ambulatory Glucose Profile), BGM (Blood glucose monitoring), BMI (Body mass index), CI (Confidence interval), CGM (Continuous glucose monitoring), rtCGM ((real-time CGM)), isCGM ((intermittently scanned CGM)), CSII (Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion), CV (Glycemic variability), MI (Glucose management indicator), IQ (Interquartil range), ISPAD (International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes), MDI (Multiple daily injections), OR (Odds ratios), PLGS (Predictive low glucose suspend system), SAP (Sensor-augmented pumps), SD (Standard deviation), T1D (Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus), TAR (Time above range), TBR (Time below range), TIR (Time in range), y (Years)

      Keywords

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      Article info

      Publication history

      Published online: January 14, 2023
      Accepted: January 5, 2023
      Received in revised form: December 8, 2022
      Received: November 3, 2022

      Publication stage

      In Press Corrected Proof

      Identification

      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2023.01.001

      Copyright

      © 2023 Primary Care Diabetes Europe. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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