Advertisement
Research Article| Volume 17, ISSUE 2, P141-147, April 2023

Download started.

Ok

The impact of the covid-19 pandemic on diabetes care: the perspective of healthcare providers across Europe

Open AccessPublished:February 15, 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2023.02.002

      Highlights

      • During the COVID-19 pandemic less diabetes care was delivered by healthcare providers.
      • Healthcare providers observed a negative effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with diabetes.
      • Most healthcare providers worried about getting overloaded by work during the COVID-19 pandemic.
      • Video consultations in primary diabetes care were seen as having potency by healthcare providers

      Abstract

      Aims

      Covid-19 caused changes on the delivery of diabetes care. This study aimed to explore perceptions of healthcare providers across Europe concerning 1) the impact of covid-19 on delivery of diabetes care; 2) impact of changes in diabetes care on experienced workload; 3) experiences with video consultation in diabetes care.

      Methods

      Cross-sectional survey among healthcare providers in the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Turkey, Ukraine and Sweden, with a focus on primary care.

      Results

      The survey was completed by 180 healthcare providers. During the COVID-19 pandemic 57.1% of respondents provided less diabetes care and 72.8% observed a negative impact on people with diabetes. More than half of respondents (61.9%) expressed worries to some extent about getting overloaded by work. Although the vast majority considered their work meaningful (85.6%). Almost half of healthcare providers (49.4%) thought that after the pandemic video-consultation could be blended with face-to-face contact.

      Conclusions

      Less diabetes care was delivered and a negative impact on people with diabetes was observed by healthcare providers. Despite healthcare providers’ feeling overloaded, mental wellbeing seemed unaffected. Video consultations were seen as having potential. Given the remaining covid-19 risks and from the interest of proactive management of people with diabetes, these findings urge for further exploration of incorporating video consultation in diabetes care.

      Keywords

      1. Introduction

      CoronaVirus Disease 19 (covid-19) is a highly infectious disease that led to a global pandemic [
      • Esakandari H.
      • Nabi-Afjadi M.
      • Fakkari-Afjadi J.
      • Farahmandian N.
      • Miresmaeili S.M.
      • Bahreini E.
      A comprehensive review of COVID-19 characteristics.
      ,
      • Usher K.
      • Bhullar N.
      • Jackson D.
      Life in the pandemic: Social isolation and mental health.
      ]. People with cardiometabolic chronic conditions like type 2 diabetes, are particularly vulnerable concerning covid-19 since they are at risk of more severe symptoms and a higher mortality [
      • Barron E.
      • Bakhai C.
      • Kar P.
      • Weaver A.
      • Bradley D.
      • Ismail H.
      • et al.
      Associations of type 1 and type 2 diabetes with COVID-19-related mortality in England: a whole-population study.
      ,
      • Holman N.
      • Knighton P.
      • Kar P.
      • O'Keefe J.
      • Curley M.
      • Weaver A.
      • et al.
      Risk factors for COVID-19-related mortality in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in England: a population-based cohort study.
      ,
      • Kumar A.
      • Arora A.
      • Sharma P.
      • Anikhindi S.A.
      • Bansal N.
      • Singla V.
      • et al.
      Reply to the letter of Singh and Singh in response to the article: "Is diabetes mellitus associated with mortality and severity of COVID-19? A meta-analysis" (Kumar et al.).
      ,
      • Kumar A.
      • Arora A.
      • Sharma P.
      • Anikhindi S.A.
      • Bansal N.
      • Singla V.
      • et al.
      Is diabetes mellitus associated with mortality and severity of COVID-19? A meta-analysis.
      ].
      In many European countries, diabetes care is increasingly delivered with regular proactive monitoring in primary care, integrated to a certain level with hospital facilities [
      • Lopez-Bastida J.
      • Boronat M.
      • Moreno J.O.
      • Schurer W.
      Costs, outcomes and challenges for diabetes care in Spain.
      ,
      • Tsiachristas A.
      • Dikkers C.
      • Boland M.R.S.
      Rutten-van Molken MPMH. Exploring payment schemes used to promote integrated chronic care in Europe.
      ]. Standard primary diabetes care includes structural proactive monitoring of biomedical target indicators such as HbA1c, systolic blood pressure and LDL [
      • Barents E.S.E.
      • Bilo H.J.G.
      • Bouma M.
      • Van den Brink-Muinen A.
      • Dankers M.
      • Van den Donk M.
      • et al.
      NHG-standaard diabetes mellitus type 2 (M01).
      ,

      Type 2 diabetes in adults: management. United Kingdom: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; NICE guideline 2015.

      ,

      American Diabetes Association Professional Practice C. 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(Suppl 1):S144-S74.

      ,
      • American Diabetes Association Professional Practice C.
      • Draznin B.
      • Aroda V.R.
      • Bakris G.
      • Benson G.
      • Brown F.M.
      • et al.
      6. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes-2022.
      ]. Furthermore, lifestyle counselling with regard to body weight, physical exercise and smoking behaviour constitutes an important part of treatment. Structural monitoring is associated with better HbA1c levels [
      • van Bruggen S.
      • Rauh S.P.
      • Kasteleyn M.J.
      • Bonten T.N.
      • Chavannes N.H.
      • Numans M.E.
      Association between full monitoring of biomedical and lifestyle target indicators and HbA(1c) level in primary type 2 diabetes care: an observational cohort study (ELZHA-cohort 1).
      ,
      • van Bruggen S.
      • Kasteleyn M.J.
      • Bonten T.N.
      • Chavannes N.H.
      • Numans M.E.
      • Rauh S.P.
      Socioeconomic status is not associated with the delivery of care in people with diabetes but does modify HbA1c levels: An observational cohort study (Elzha-cohort 1).
      ]. In contrast, in middle income countries such as Turkey and Ukraine, where historically a high diabetes-related mortality was observed [
      • Telishevka M.
      • Chenet L.
      • McKee M.
      Towards an understanding of the high death rate among young people with diabetes in Ukraine.
      ], accessibility of services and treatment adherence is sub-optimal [
      • Tatar M.
      Management of diabetes and diabetes policies in Turkey.
      ,
      • Stuart R.M.
      • Khan O.
      • Abeysuriya R.
      • Kryvchun T.
      • Lysak V.
      • Bredikhina A.
      • et al.
      Diabetes care cascade in Ukraine: an analysis of breakpoints and opportunities for improved diabetes outcomes.
      ,
      • Satman I.
      • Omer B.
      • Tutuncu Y.
      • Kalaca S.
      • Gedik S.
      • Dinccag N.
      • et al.
      Twelve-year trends in the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes and prediabetes in Turkish adults.
      ].
      During the covid-19 pandemic, in many countries irrespectively of income level, a dramatic decline in routine diabetes consultations was observed [
      • Murphy M.
      • Scott L.J.
      • Salisbury C.
      • Turner A.
      • Scott A.
      • Denholm R.
      • et al.
      Implementation of remote consulting in UK primary care following the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed-methods longitudinal study.
      ,
      • Giorgino F.
      • Bhana S.
      • Czupryniak L.
      • Dagdelen S.
      • Galstyan G.R.
      • Janez A.
      • et al.
      Management of patients with diabetes and obesity in the COVID-19 era: Experiences and learnings from South and East Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.
      ]. The demands of covid-19 on laboratory facilities also led to a downscaled monitoring of cardiovascular risk parameters [
      • Alexander G.C.
      • Tajanlangit M.
      • Heyward J.
      • Mansour O.
      • Qato D.M.
      • Stafford R.S.
      Use and content of primary care office-based vs telemedicine care visits during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US.
      ]. Additionally, across Europe, delivery of self-management support and diabetes education decreased extremely [
      • Forde R.
      • Arente L.
      • Ausili D.
      • De Backer K.
      • Due-Christensen M.
      • Epps A.
      • et al.
      The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with diabetes and diabetes services: A pan-European survey of diabetes specialist nurses undertaken by the Foundation of European Nurses in Diabetes survey consortium.
      ], thus resulting in a higher risk of uncontrolled diabetes – and subsequently, a variety of acute and chronic microvascular and macrovascular complications [
      • Sarwar N.
      • Gao P.
      • Seshasai S.R.K.
      • Gobin R.
      • Kaptoge S.
      • Di Angelantonio E.
      • et al.
      Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies.
      ].
      The demands of covid-19 led to a high additional burden in hospital care [
      • Burr O.
      • Berry A.
      • Joule N.
      • Rayman G.
      Inpatient diabetes care during the COVID-19 pandemic: A Diabetes UK rapid review of healthcare professionals' experiences using semi-structured interviews.
      ] and among physicians in general [
      • Elbay R.Y.
      • Kurtulmus A.
      • Arpacioglu S.
      • Karadere E.
      Depression, anxiety, stress levels of physicians and associated factors in Covid-19 pandemics.
      ,
      • Mosheva M.
      • Hertz-Palmor N.
      • Ilan S.D.
      • Matalon N.
      • Pessach I.M.
      • Afek A.
      • et al.
      Anxiety, pandemic-related stress and resilience among physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic.
      ,
      • Cravero A.L.
      • Kim N.J.
      • Feld L.D.
      • Berry K.
      • Rabiee A.
      • Bazarbashi N.
      • et al.
      Impact of exposure to patients with COVID-19 on residents and fellows: an international survey of 1420 trainees.
      ]. Covid-related stress and burn-out were also reported among primary care providers such as general practitioners (GPs) [
      • Seda-Gombau G.
      • Montero-Alia J.J.
      • Moreno-Gabriel E.
      • Toran-Monserrat P.
      Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on burnout in primary care physicians in Catalonia.
      ] – which was associated with practice and staffing changes, and concerns about exposure to covid-19 [
      • Quigley M.
      • Earnest A.
      • Szwarcbard N.
      • Wischer N.
      • Zoungas S.
      Impact of COVID-19 on diabetes health care and service provision in Australian diabetes centers.
      ]. Given the vulnerability of people with type 2 diabetes in the covid-19 era, the declined delivery of diabetes care might pose specific burdens on healthcare providers. Insight in the impact of covid-19 on the work-related stress and wellbeing of primary diabetes healthcare providers is lacking.
      In response to these risks of disease deterioration, the use of telemedicine and remote facilities such as telephone consultations and SMS messages etcetera increased sharply [
      • Murphy M.
      • Scott L.J.
      • Salisbury C.
      • Turner A.
      • Scott A.
      • Denholm R.
      • et al.
      Implementation of remote consulting in UK primary care following the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed-methods longitudinal study.
      ,
      • Peek N.
      • Sujan M.
      • Scott P.
      Digital health and care in pandemic times: impact of COVID-19.
      ]. Teleconsultation refers to communication that happens between a physician and a patient or between physician and physician for the purpose of providing diagnostic or therapeutic advice through electronic means[
      • Rutten G.E.
      • Maaijen J.
      • Fau -
      • Valkenburg A.C.
      • Valkenburg Ac Fau -
      • Blankestijn J.G.
      • Blankestijn Jg Fau -
      • de Valk H.W.
      • de Valk H.W.
      The Utrecht Diabetes Project: telemedicine support improves GP care in Type 2.
      ]. Video-consultation is a form of telemedicine, where there is direct interaction between physician and patient, using synchronous video and sound facilities. The use of video consultation took a high rise as well, although evidence on clinical advantages of video consulting is mixed [
      • Car J.
      • Koh G.C.H.
      • Foong P.S.
      • Wang C.J.
      Video consultations in primary and specialist care during the covid-19 pandemic and beyond.
      ]. Nevertheless, a study among Norwegian GPs found that compared to face-to-face consultations, video consultations were rated at least equally suitable, or even better – for example to assess the main reason of contact, follow-up treatment for new health problems and mental problems, such as anxiety, life stress and depression [
      • Car J.
      • Koh G.C.H.
      • Foong P.S.
      • Wang C.J.
      Video consultations in primary and specialist care during the covid-19 pandemic and beyond.
      ].
      Worldwide, recommendations are provided with regard to implementation of video consultation in daily practice [
      • Car J.
      • Koh G.C.H.
      • Foong P.S.
      • Wang C.J.
      Video consultations in primary and specialist care during the covid-19 pandemic and beyond.
      ,

      Department of Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights. Notification of enforcement discretion for telehealth remote communications during the covid-19 nationwide public health emergency. 2020.

      ]. However, little is known with regard to the experiences of healthcare providers concerning the use of video consultation in primary diabetes care. Therefore, this study aims to explore among primary diabetes care providers in European high- and middle-income countries the following themes: 1) the impact of covid-19 on delivery of diabetes care, 2) impact of changes in diabetes care on experienced workload and work-related stress among healthcare providers; 3) experiences of healthcare providers with video consultation in daily diabetes care.

      2. Methods

      2.1 Study design and participants

      This study was designed as a cross-sectional survey among healthcare providers in the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Turkey, Ukraine and Sweden, with a focus on primary care. Between December 2020 and March 2021, the anonymous web-based survey was sent to GPs, nurse practitioners (NPs) and other healthcare providers who are involved in diabetes care. Healthcare providers in all countries were approached via the network of members of the Primary Care Diabetes Europe network. Healthcare providers were included if they provided diabetes care and had the ability to fill in the web-based survey. Informed consent of the healthcare providers was obtained at the beginning of the survey. The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Review Committee Leiden-Den Haag-Delft (version CoCo 2020–062).

      2.2 Study instrument

      The survey, developed by a multidisciplinary expert team of experienced GPs, a behavioural scientist and epidemiologists, focussed on the following topics: the general impact of COVID-19 on patients and healthcare providers (5-category Likert scale), impact on the workload and work-related stress (4-catecory Likert scale), impact on the delivery of diabetes care (varying response options), experience with video-consultation (varying response options). The questionnaire started with questions on characteristics from participants (see supplementary table 1), such as age, work experience and practice location. For practice location we asked participants whether they worked in a neighbourhood with on average patients with a low, middle or high socio-economic status (SES), as low SES is associated with a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes [
      • Agardh E.
      • Allebeck P.
      • Hallqvist J.
      • Moradi T.
      • Sidorchuk A.
      Type 2 diabetes incidence and socio-economic position: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
      ].
      Statistical analysis Data analyses were performed in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. Descriptive statistics for categorical variables were expressed as n (%) and for continuous variables as mean ± standard deviation, as the continuous variables were normally distributed. Missing data were excluded from the analysis.
      For experiences with video consultations we asked healthcare providers how prepared they felt to perform video consultations on a scale of 1–10. We then divided healthcare providers into sufficiently prepared (answers 6–10) and insufficiently prepared (answers 1–5) and plotted bar charts to visualize differences between these two groups. To determine whether profession was associated with preparedness for video-consultation we used a linear regression model with the following independent variables based on hypothesis or literature to correct for other factors which might influence preparedness for video-consultation: ‘profession’, ‘years of experience’, ‘GP practice location’, ‘profession’, ‘capability of patients to perform video consultation’ and ‘whether video-consultation could be a replacement for face-to-face contact’. Due to the focus on primary care we only included GPs and nurses in the model.

      3. Results

      3.1 Characteristics of the participants

      The survey was completed by 109 Dutch, 24 British, 21 Turkish, 14 Ukraine, and 12 Swedish healthcare providers (Table 1). The majority (81.8%) of participants were women and the mean age was 49.2 (SD 10.9) years. Healthcare providers had a mean work experience of 15.7 (SD 9.4) years. In the Netherlands, United Kingdom and Sweden the survey was completed mostly by GPs and NPs. In Turkey the survey was completed by GPs and physician assistants. In Ukraine 92.9% was a hospital specialist. Of all healthcare providers 25.6% has had COVID-19 when completing the survey and 28% had a family member who has had COVID-19. Due to small numbers per country we focussed on the results of the survey in total and not per country.
      Table 1Characteristics of participants.
      The NetherlandsUnited KingdomTurkeyUkraineSwedenTotal sample
      Total participantsn = 109n = 24n = 21n = 14n = 12n = 180
      Women, n (%)96

      (86.5)
      20

      (69.0)
      6 (33.3)1

      (7.7)
      4

      (33.3)
      127 (70.6)
      Age in years, mean (SD)49.2

      (10.4)
      48.8

      (9.8)
      32.7

      (6.2)
      46.3

      (11.1)
      53,9

      (12.4)
      49.2

      (10.9)
      Profession, n (%)
      primary care physician38

      (34.2)
      13

      (44.8)
      9

      (42.9)
      1

      (7.1)
      12

      (100,0)
      73

      (40.6)
      hospital physician0

      (0.0)
      0

      (0,0)
      3

      (14.3)
      13

      (92.9)
      0

      (0,0)
      16

      (8.9)
      nurse or nurse practitioner68

      (61.3)
      15

      (51.7)
      0

      (0,0)
      0

      (0,0)
      0

      (0,0)
      101

      (56.1)
      other5

      (4.5)
      1

      (3.4)
      9

      (42.9)
      0

      (0,0)
      0

      (0,0)
      15

      (8.3)
      Experience in years, mean (SD)12.9

      (8.1)
      18.5

      (11.7)
      7.3

      (5.7)
      17.9

      (9.7)
      20.5

      (14.2)
      15.7

      (9.4)
      GP practice location, n (%)
      rural22

      (20.4)
      8

      (27.6)
      0

      (0,0)
      0

      (0,0)
      1

      (8.3)
      31

      (17.2)
      urban, low SES24

      (22.2)
      9

      (31.0)
      3

      (16.7)
      0

      (0,0)
      2

      (16.7)
      38

      (21.1)
      urban, middle SES52

      (48.1)
      12

      (41.4)
      11

      (61.1)
      10

      (76.9)
      7

      (58.3)
      92

      (51.1)
      urban, high SES10

      (9.3)
      0

      (0,0)
      4

      (22.2)
      3

      (23.1)
      2

      (16.7)
      19

      (10.6)
      Covid-19 + , n (%)19 (18.1)2 (8.3)8 (53.5)8 (66.7)6 (50.0)43 (23.9)
      Covid-19 + family, n (%)22 (21.0)3 (12.5)10 (66.7)6 (50.0)6 (50.0)47 (26.1)

      3.2 Delivery of care during the covid-19 pandemic: Response time and amount of care

      Most healthcare providers (82.9%) were able to reply on diabetes related questions in the same time frame compared to before the pandemic (Table 2). Notably, some of the healthcare providers, especially hospital specialists (44.4%), reported that they could answer a diabetes related question faster than before the pandemic. However, 47.8% of healthcare providers could provide less care to some, and 9.3% for all of their diabetes patients during the pandemic. Almost two out of three (60.5%) healthcare providers observed negative effects of the COVID-19 related changes on their diabetes patients and 12.3% a strong negative effect.
      Table 2Response time and amount of healthcare during the covid-19 pandemic.
      AllGPHospital SpecialistNurseOther
      How fast could a diabetes related problem be answered compared to before the covid-19 pandemic? n (%)n = 155n= 62n = 9n = 73n = 11
      Faster20 (12.9)10 (16.1)4 (44.4)2 (2.7)4 (36.4)
      Equal126 (81.3)47 (75.8)4 (44.4)68 (93.2)7 (63.6)
      Slower8 (5.2)5 (8.1)1 (11.1)2 (2.7)0 (0.0)
      Unknown1 (0.6)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1 (1.4)0 (0.0)
      Did the amount of healthcare for your type 2 diabetes patients decrease during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before? n (%)n = 161n = 65n = 10n = 75n = 11
      Yes, less care to all15 (9.3)8 (12.3)1 (10.0)6 (8.0)0 (0.0)
      Yes, less care to some77 (47.8)35 (53.8)2 (20.0)36 (48.0)4 (36.4)
      Same amount of care52 (32.3)18 (27.7)4 (40.0)24 (32.0)6 (54.5)
      No, more care some13 (8.1)3 (4.6)1 (10.0)8 (10.7)1 (9.1)
      No, more care all3 (1.9)0 (0.0)2 (20.0)1 (1.3)0 (0.0)
      Unknown1 (0.6)1 (1.5)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)
      How would you assess the impact of COVID-19 related changes in healthcare services on your patients with diabetes? n (%)n = 162n = 65n = 10n = 75n = 12
      Strongly positive1 (0.6)1 (1.5)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)
      positive10 (6.2)2 (3.1)0 (0.0)6 (8.0)2 (16.7)
      No effect22 (13.6)7 (10.8)6 (60.0)9 (12.0)0 (0.0)
      negative98 (60.5)46 (70.8)2 (20.0)42 (56.0)8 (66.7)
      Strong negative20 (12.3)7 (10.8)1 (10.0)12 (16.0)0 (0.0)
      I do not know11 (6.8)2 (3.1)1 (10.0)6 (8.0)2 (16.7)

      3.3 Workload and work-related stress during the COVID-19 pandemic

      During the Covid-19 pandemic, almost 60% of healthcare providers experienced a higher workload; 29.4% a bit more work and 29.4% a lot more work (Fig. 1). The survey included some questions about symptoms related to burnout, such as concentration, feeling fit and sleep (Fig. 1b). Most of the healthcare providers responded that they could concentrate on work all of the time (84.4%) and felt fit all of the time (60.6%). Almost half of healthcare providers (45.6%) slept well. More than half of all healthcare providers worried about getting overloaded by work some of the time or all of the time (45.6% and 16.3%, respectively). Almost half (48.1%) of healthcare providers felt emotionally drained after a day of work some of the time and 19.4% reported that they felt emotionally drained all of the time. The majority of healthcare providers (85.6%) found their work meaningful most of the time during the covid-19 pandemic.
      Fig. 1
      Fig. 1a. Workload during the COVID-19 pandemic. b. Work-related stress during the covid-19 pandemic. *answer options: good, acceptable, poor, very poor.

      3.4 Experiences with video-consultation during the covid-19 pandemic

      Most used care delivery method was still face-to-face contact (82.3%) and telephone consultations (82.0%). Other care delivery methods used were video consultations (24.1%), teleconsultation (18.4%), and other ways of communication (7.6%).
      On average, healthcare providers felt sufficiently (6.0 (SD 2.8) on a scale of 0–10) prepared to use video consultation in an effective way. When comparing the healthcare providers who felt insufficiently (0–5, n = 63) prepared to use new diabetes care delivery methods to those who felt prepared, (6–10, n = 95), the latter mentioned they had access to good facilities for using video consultations, whereas the participants who rated themselves insufficient more often responded they did not know about the facilities (Fig. 2a, b). When asking healthcare providers about their experience on the capability of their patients to use video-consultation, healthcare providers who rated themselves sufficient, more often (52.2% vs 33.3%) reported that their patients were capable (acceptable or good) for this method. Besides, healthcare providers who rated themselves sufficient had a more positive experience with video-consultation and more often thought it could be a replacement for all (4.3%) or some (26.6%) face-to-face consultations, than healthcare providers who rated themselves insufficient (0% and 14.3%). Almost half of all healthcare providers indicated that after the pandemic video-consultation could be blended with face-to-face contact (49.4%). Being a GP seemed to be associated with a higher preparedness for video-consultation compared to nurses (Table 3), both in the crude model, as in the adjusted model. The other variables were not significantly associated with ‘preparedness for video-consultation’.
      Fig. 2
      Fig. 2a. Facilities for video-consultation. b. Experiences with video-consultation. Green: healthcare providers who rated themselves sufficient prepared for video-consultations (n = 94). Red: healthcare providers who rated themselves insufficient prepared for video-consultation (n = 63). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article).
      Table 3Linear regression model of the association between ‘preparedness to conduct video-consultation’ and ‘profession’, ‘years of experience’, ‘GP practice location’, ‘capability of patients to perform video consultation’ and ‘whether video-consultation could be a replacement for face-to-face consultation’.
      Adjusted modelCrude model
      B-coefficient95% CI for B-coefficientP-valueB-coefficient95% CI for B-coefficientP-value
      Profession1.3530.412 to 2.2950.0051.6790.776 to 2.5820.000
      Years of experience0.001-0.048 to 0.0500.959
      GP practice location0.215-0.312 to 0.7410.421
      Capability of patients to perform video consultation-0.335-1.098 to 0.4270.386
      Could video-consultation be a replacement for face-to-face contact-0.397-0.880 to 0.0860.106

      4. Discussion

      This study explored the experienced impact of the covid-19 pandemic among diabetes healthcare providers on 1) the delivery of diabetes care, 2) experienced workload and work-related stress and 3) experiences of healthcare providers with video consultation in daily diabetes care.
      The majority of the respondents reported that the time frame with regard to answering diabetes-related questions had not changed, so reactive care to healthcare questions was not affected. Nevertheless, according to most respondents, less (pro-active) diabetes care could be provided and a negative impact on people with diabetes was perceived. Many respondents did not report problems related to concentration, sleep an physical fitness, but more than half of them indicated to some extent worries about getting overloaded and feeling emotionally drained. The vast majority considered their work meaningful.
      The reported decline in delivery of diabetes care is in line with general observations concerning covid-related decreases in care volumes [
      • Patel S.Y.
      • Mehrotra A.
      • Huskamp H.A.
      • Uscher-Pines L.
      • Ganguli I.
      • Barnett M.L.
      Trends in outpatient care delivery and telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US.
      ] as well as the negative impact of consultation reductions on people with diabetes [
      • van Bruggen S.
      • Kasteleyn M.J.
      • Rauh S.P.
      • Meijer J.S.
      • Busch K.J.G.
      • Numans M.E.
      • et al.
      Experiences with tailoring of primary diabetes care in well-organised general practices: a mixed-methods study.
      ,
      • Wermeling P.R.
      • Janssen J.
      • Gorter K.J.
      • Beulens J.W.J.
      • Rutten G.E.H.M.
      Satisfaction of well-controlled type 2 diabetes patients with three-monthly and six-monthly monitoring.
      ,
      • Forde R.
      • Arente L.
      • Ausili D.
      • De Backer K.
      • Due-Christensen M.
      • Epps A.
      • et al.
      The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with diabetes and diabetes services: A pan-European survey of diabetes specialist nurses undertaken by the Foundation of European Nurses in Diabetes survey consortium.
      ]. Considering the frequently reported exhaustion and burnout of healthcare providers during the covid pandemic [
      • Morgantini L.A.
      • Naha U.
      • Wang H.
      • Francavilla S.
      • Acar O.
      • Flores J.M.
      • et al.
      Factors contributing to healthcare professional burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid turnaround global survey.
      ,
      • Torrente M.
      • Sousa P.A.
      • Sanchez-Ramos A.
      • Pimentao J.
      • Royuela A.
      • Franco F.
      • et al.
      To burn-out or not to burn-out: a cross-sectional study in healthcare professionals in Spain during COVID-19 pandemic.
      ], the absence of health and wellbeing-related problems is surprising. This might be explained by the clear sense of having meaningful work among the respondents, which is also reported in another study [
      • Monsalve-Reyes C.S.
      • Luis-Costas C.S.
      • Gomez-Urquiza J.L.
      • Albendin-Garcia L.
      • Aguayo R.
      • Canadas-De la Fuente G.A.
      Burnout syndrome and its prevalence in primary care nursing: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
      ]. This is known as a factor that protects against burnout [
      • Kim L.Y.
      • Rose D.E.
      • Ganz D.A.
      • Giannitrapani K.F.
      • Yano E.M.
      • Rubenstein L.V.
      • et al.
      Elements of the healthy work environment associated with lower primary care nurse burnout.
      ], although evidence is not consistent [
      • Correia I.
      • Almeida A.E.
      Organizational justice, professional identification, empathy, and meaningful work during COVID-19 pandemic: are they burnout protectors in physicians and nurses?.
      ]. In other words, despite the changed delivery of diabetes care, and the burden of providing diabetes care during the covid-19 pandemic, mental and physical wellbeing of our respondents seemed appropriate.
      Diabetes care was mostly delivered in the classic ways – face-to-face or by telephone, although a quarter of the respondents had experiences with video consultation. In general, having access to good facilities seemed important for performing video-consultations. Our results showed that healthcare providers who felt sufficiently prepared to perform video consultations, more often found that this could be a replacement for face-to-face consultations, than care providers that felt insufficiently prepared.
      The fact that approximately one fourth of the respondents had experiences with video consultations, is in line with other studies reporting substantial increases with the use of on-distance delivery of care [
      • Forde R.
      • Arente L.
      • Ausili D.
      • De Backer K.
      • Due-Christensen M.
      • Epps A.
      • et al.
      The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with diabetes and diabetes services: A pan-European survey of diabetes specialist nurses undertaken by the Foundation of European Nurses in Diabetes survey consortium.
      ,
      • Lee J.M.
      • Carlson E.
      • Albanese-O'Neill A.
      • Demeterco-Berggren C.
      • Corathers S.D.
      • Vendrame F.
      • et al.
      Adoption of telemedicine for type 1 diabetes care during the COVID-19 pandemic.
      ] - although it cannot be ruled out that the different countries showed varying levels of experiences. Our results indicate that care providers felt prepared to varying levels to have video consultations. Previous studies reported technical problems as a barrier for video-consultation[
      • Donaghy E.
      • Atherton H.
      • Hammersley V.
      • McNeilly H.
      • Bikker A.
      • Robbins L.
      • et al.
      Acceptability, benefits, and challenges of video consulting: a qualitative study in primary care.
      ,

      Greenhalgh T.A.-O., Shaw S.A.-O., Wherton J.A.-O., Vijayaraghavan S.A.-O., Morris J.A.-O.X., Bhattacharya S.A.-O., et al. Real-World Implementation of Video Outpatient Consultations at Macro, Meso, and Micro Levels: Mixed-Method Study. (1438–8871 (Electronic)).

      ]. Indeed, respondents who did not have access to good facilities rated themselves more often insufficiently prepared. Among the sufficiently-prepared respondents, positive aspects and the potential substitute for classic consultation were mentioned. This echoes findings of a Spanish study among healthcare providers [
      • Jimenez-Rodriguez D.
      • Garcia A.S.
      • Robles J.M.
      • Salvador M.D.R.
      • Ronda F.J.M.
      • Arrogante O.
      Increase in video consultations during the COVID-19 pandemic: healthcare professionals' perceptions about their implementation and adequate management.
      ]. Regardless of the sense of preparedness, most respondents saw potency to blend classic and video consultations. Therefore, our results confirm the potential of video consultations.
      This study is characterised by several strengths. The fact that several disciplines were involved in the development of the survey, varying from GP experts and epidemiologists to behavioural scientists, contributed to the quality of the survey. In addition, respondents were recruited through professional networks, which covered most of our study population. Nevertheless, this study is also subject to limitations that need to be mentioned. First, the number of respondents within the different countries fluctuated considerably. In Turkey, Ukraine and Sweden, the response was relatively low. This limits the representativeness of our findings for those countries. Second, considering the timing of the data collection, our findings represent experiences during the second wave of the covid-19 pandemic, which not necessarily represent experiences during others waves of the covid-19 pandemic. Third, the professions of the respondents varied among the countries. These differences in professional background might be explained by local organisation of the healthcare system.
      To prepare diabetes care providers in countries with varying levels of wealth and different health systems for future covid-19 waves, more insight is needed into care providers’ experiences with delivery of care. Considering the known burden of diabetes care providers in general [
      • Shah M.K.
      • Gandrakota N.
      • Cimiotti J.P.
      • Ghose N.
      • Moore M.
      • Ali M.K.
      Prevalence of and factors associated with nurse Burnout in the US (vol 4, e2036469, 2021).
      ,
      • Rushforth B.
      • McCrorie C.
      • Glidewell L.
      • Midgley E.
      • Foy R.
      Barriers to effective management of type 2 diabetes in primary care: qualitative systematic review.
      ], insight into key conditions for successful implementation of video consultation might also contribute to alleviation of providers’ workload. Therefore, given the potency that our respondents indicated with regard to blending of classic and video consultation, a better understanding of barriers and facilitators of video consultation is of high importance. Besides, risk stratification of the diabetes population on severity and progression of diabetes might be useful to provide proactive care and deal with the increased workload and shortage of primary healthcare providers. By stratifying the diabetes population the ratio of face-to-face and digital diabetes care could be determined. So a low risk and well controlled subgroup who is capable to use eHealth could for example be seen face-to-face once a year, leaving room for a high risk and more vulnerable subgroup to see more often at the practice.
      To summarise, as measured in the second wave of the covid-19 pandemic, less diabetes care was delivered and a negative impact on people with diabetes was observed. Although healthcare providers frequently reported feelings of overload and emotional exhaustion, physical and mental wellbeing seemed unaffected. Video consultations, which were adopted by a substantial part of the care providers, were seen as having potency. With regard to the risk of future waves of the covid-19 pandemics, but also proactive management of people with chronic conditions, these findings advocate further exploration of experiences with video consultation in diabetes primary care.

      Funding

      This work was funded through a PCDE 2020-joint COVID-19 project grant. Grant number: N/A.

      Contributors

      SG, SB, AC, SS, HV, MN and RC and RV developed the survey. SG, MZ, SR and RC analysed the data. SG and SB wrote the paper. All authors commented on the paper.

      Declaration of interest for all authors

      Van Grondelle SE (corresponding author): Author declares no competing interest. Van Bruggen S: Author declares no competing interest. Rauh SP: Author declares no competing interest. Van der Zwan M: Author declares no competing interest. Cebrian A: Author has the following financial relationships: advisor on scientific boards for Astra-Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Novo-Nordisk; lectures for Astra-Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Esteve, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Mundipharma and Novo-Nordisk, and research activities for Astra-Zeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Mundipharma, Novo-Nordisk and Eli Lilly and Company. No conflicts of interests regarding this article. Seidu S: Author reports personal fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Napp Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Additionally, SS reports grants from AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Servier, and Janssen. Rutten GEHM: Author declares no competing interest. Vos HMM: Author declares no competing interest. Numans ME: Author declares no competing interest. Vos RC: Author declares no competing interest.

      Appendix A. Supplementary material

      References

        • Esakandari H.
        • Nabi-Afjadi M.
        • Fakkari-Afjadi J.
        • Farahmandian N.
        • Miresmaeili S.M.
        • Bahreini E.
        A comprehensive review of COVID-19 characteristics.
        Biol. Proced. Online. 2020; 22: 1
        • Usher K.
        • Bhullar N.
        • Jackson D.
        Life in the pandemic: Social isolation and mental health.
        J. Clin. Nurs. 2020; 29: 2756-2757
        • Barron E.
        • Bakhai C.
        • Kar P.
        • Weaver A.
        • Bradley D.
        • Ismail H.
        • et al.
        Associations of type 1 and type 2 diabetes with COVID-19-related mortality in England: a whole-population study.
        Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020; 8: 813-822
        • Holman N.
        • Knighton P.
        • Kar P.
        • O'Keefe J.
        • Curley M.
        • Weaver A.
        • et al.
        Risk factors for COVID-19-related mortality in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in England: a population-based cohort study.
        Lancet Diab. Endocrinol. 2020; 8: 823-833
        • Kumar A.
        • Arora A.
        • Sharma P.
        • Anikhindi S.A.
        • Bansal N.
        • Singla V.
        • et al.
        Reply to the letter of Singh and Singh in response to the article: "Is diabetes mellitus associated with mortality and severity of COVID-19? A meta-analysis" (Kumar et al.).
        Diabetes Metab. Synd. 2020; 14: 1147-1148
        • Kumar A.
        • Arora A.
        • Sharma P.
        • Anikhindi S.A.
        • Bansal N.
        • Singla V.
        • et al.
        Is diabetes mellitus associated with mortality and severity of COVID-19? A meta-analysis.
        Diabetes Metab. Synd. 2020; 14: 535-545
        • Lopez-Bastida J.
        • Boronat M.
        • Moreno J.O.
        • Schurer W.
        Costs, outcomes and challenges for diabetes care in Spain.
        Glob. Health. 2013; : 9
        • Tsiachristas A.
        • Dikkers C.
        • Boland M.R.S.
        Rutten-van Molken MPMH. Exploring payment schemes used to promote integrated chronic care in Europe.
        Health Policy. 2013; 113: 296-304
        • Barents E.S.E.
        • Bilo H.J.G.
        • Bouma M.
        • Van den Brink-Muinen A.
        • Dankers M.
        • Van den Donk M.
        • et al.
        NHG-standaard diabetes mellitus type 2 (M01).
        Versie. 2018; 5: 3
      1. Type 2 diabetes in adults: management. United Kingdom: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; NICE guideline 2015.

      2. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice C. 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(Suppl 1):S144-S74.

        • American Diabetes Association Professional Practice C.
        • Draznin B.
        • Aroda V.R.
        • Bakris G.
        • Benson G.
        • Brown F.M.
        • et al.
        6. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes-2022.
        Diabetes Care. 2022; 45: S83-S96
        • van Bruggen S.
        • Rauh S.P.
        • Kasteleyn M.J.
        • Bonten T.N.
        • Chavannes N.H.
        • Numans M.E.
        Association between full monitoring of biomedical and lifestyle target indicators and HbA(1c) level in primary type 2 diabetes care: an observational cohort study (ELZHA-cohort 1).
        BMJ Open. 2019; 9: 3
        • van Bruggen S.
        • Kasteleyn M.J.
        • Bonten T.N.
        • Chavannes N.H.
        • Numans M.E.
        • Rauh S.P.
        Socioeconomic status is not associated with the delivery of care in people with diabetes but does modify HbA1c levels: An observational cohort study (Elzha-cohort 1).
        Int J. Clin. Pract. 2021; 75: 5
        • Telishevka M.
        • Chenet L.
        • McKee M.
        Towards an understanding of the high death rate among young people with diabetes in Ukraine.
        Diabet. Med. 2001; 18: 3-9
        • Tatar M.
        Management of diabetes and diabetes policies in Turkey.
        Glob. Health. 2013; : 9
        • Stuart R.M.
        • Khan O.
        • Abeysuriya R.
        • Kryvchun T.
        • Lysak V.
        • Bredikhina A.
        • et al.
        Diabetes care cascade in Ukraine: an analysis of breakpoints and opportunities for improved diabetes outcomes.
        BMC Health Serv. Res. 2020; 20: 1
        • Satman I.
        • Omer B.
        • Tutuncu Y.
        • Kalaca S.
        • Gedik S.
        • Dinccag N.
        • et al.
        Twelve-year trends in the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes and prediabetes in Turkish adults.
        Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2013; 28: 169-180
        • Murphy M.
        • Scott L.J.
        • Salisbury C.
        • Turner A.
        • Scott A.
        • Denholm R.
        • et al.
        Implementation of remote consulting in UK primary care following the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed-methods longitudinal study.
        Br. J. Gen. Pract. 2021; 71: E166-E177
        • Giorgino F.
        • Bhana S.
        • Czupryniak L.
        • Dagdelen S.
        • Galstyan G.R.
        • Janez A.
        • et al.
        Management of patients with diabetes and obesity in the COVID-19 era: Experiences and learnings from South and East Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.
        Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2021; : 172
        • Alexander G.C.
        • Tajanlangit M.
        • Heyward J.
        • Mansour O.
        • Qato D.M.
        • Stafford R.S.
        Use and content of primary care office-based vs telemedicine care visits during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US.
        Jama Netw. Open. 2020; 3: 10
        • Forde R.
        • Arente L.
        • Ausili D.
        • De Backer K.
        • Due-Christensen M.
        • Epps A.
        • et al.
        The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with diabetes and diabetes services: A pan-European survey of diabetes specialist nurses undertaken by the Foundation of European Nurses in Diabetes survey consortium.
        Diabet. Med. 2021; 38: 5
        • Sarwar N.
        • Gao P.
        • Seshasai S.R.K.
        • Gobin R.
        • Kaptoge S.
        • Di Angelantonio E.
        • et al.
        Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies.
        Lancet. 2010; 375: 2215-2222
        • Burr O.
        • Berry A.
        • Joule N.
        • Rayman G.
        Inpatient diabetes care during the COVID-19 pandemic: A Diabetes UK rapid review of healthcare professionals' experiences using semi-structured interviews.
        Diabet. Med. 2021; 38: 1
        • Elbay R.Y.
        • Kurtulmus A.
        • Arpacioglu S.
        • Karadere E.
        Depression, anxiety, stress levels of physicians and associated factors in Covid-19 pandemics.
        Psychiat Res. 2020; : 290
        • Mosheva M.
        • Hertz-Palmor N.
        • Ilan S.D.
        • Matalon N.
        • Pessach I.M.
        • Afek A.
        • et al.
        Anxiety, pandemic-related stress and resilience among physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic.
        Depress Anxiety. 2020; 37: 965-971
        • Cravero A.L.
        • Kim N.J.
        • Feld L.D.
        • Berry K.
        • Rabiee A.
        • Bazarbashi N.
        • et al.
        Impact of exposure to patients with COVID-19 on residents and fellows: an international survey of 1420 trainees.
        Post. Med. J. 2021; 97: 706-715
        • Seda-Gombau G.
        • Montero-Alia J.J.
        • Moreno-Gabriel E.
        • Toran-Monserrat P.
        Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on burnout in primary care physicians in Catalonia.
        Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub He. 2021; 18: 17
        • Quigley M.
        • Earnest A.
        • Szwarcbard N.
        • Wischer N.
        • Zoungas S.
        Impact of COVID-19 on diabetes health care and service provision in Australian diabetes centers.
        Diabetes Care. 2021; 44: E163-E164
        • Peek N.
        • Sujan M.
        • Scott P.
        Digital health and care in pandemic times: impact of COVID-19.
        BMJ Health Care Info. 2020; 27: 1
        • Rutten G.E.
        • Maaijen J.
        • Fau -
        • Valkenburg A.C.
        • Valkenburg Ac Fau -
        • Blankestijn J.G.
        • Blankestijn Jg Fau -
        • de Valk H.W.
        • de Valk H.W.
        The Utrecht Diabetes Project: telemedicine support improves GP care in Type 2.
        diabetes. 2001;
        • Car J.
        • Koh G.C.H.
        • Foong P.S.
        • Wang C.J.
        Video consultations in primary and specialist care during the covid-19 pandemic and beyond.
        Bmj-Brit Med J. 2020; : 371
      3. Department of Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights. Notification of enforcement discretion for telehealth remote communications during the covid-19 nationwide public health emergency. 2020.

        • Agardh E.
        • Allebeck P.
        • Hallqvist J.
        • Moradi T.
        • Sidorchuk A.
        Type 2 diabetes incidence and socio-economic position: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
        Int J. Epidemiol. 2011; 40: 804-818
        • Patel S.Y.
        • Mehrotra A.
        • Huskamp H.A.
        • Uscher-Pines L.
        • Ganguli I.
        • Barnett M.L.
        Trends in outpatient care delivery and telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US.
        JAMA Intern. Med. 2021; 181: 388
        • van Bruggen S.
        • Kasteleyn M.J.
        • Rauh S.P.
        • Meijer J.S.
        • Busch K.J.G.
        • Numans M.E.
        • et al.
        Experiences with tailoring of primary diabetes care in well-organised general practices: a mixed-methods study.
        BMC Health Serv. Res. 2021; 21: 1218
        • Wermeling P.R.
        • Janssen J.
        • Gorter K.J.
        • Beulens J.W.J.
        • Rutten G.E.H.M.
        Satisfaction of well-controlled type 2 diabetes patients with three-monthly and six-monthly monitoring.
        BMC Fam. Pract. 2013; : 14
        • Forde R.
        • Arente L.
        • Ausili D.
        • De Backer K.
        • Due-Christensen M.
        • Epps A.
        • et al.
        The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with diabetes and diabetes services: A pan-European survey of diabetes specialist nurses undertaken by the Foundation of European Nurses in Diabetes survey consortium.
        Diabet. Med. 2021; 38e14498
        • Morgantini L.A.
        • Naha U.
        • Wang H.
        • Francavilla S.
        • Acar O.
        • Flores J.M.
        • et al.
        Factors contributing to healthcare professional burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid turnaround global survey.
        PLoS One. 2020; 15e0238217
        • Torrente M.
        • Sousa P.A.
        • Sanchez-Ramos A.
        • Pimentao J.
        • Royuela A.
        • Franco F.
        • et al.
        To burn-out or not to burn-out: a cross-sectional study in healthcare professionals in Spain during COVID-19 pandemic.
        BMJ Open. 2021; 11e044945
        • Monsalve-Reyes C.S.
        • Luis-Costas C.S.
        • Gomez-Urquiza J.L.
        • Albendin-Garcia L.
        • Aguayo R.
        • Canadas-De la Fuente G.A.
        Burnout syndrome and its prevalence in primary care nursing: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
        BMC Fam. Pract. 2018; : 19
        • Kim L.Y.
        • Rose D.E.
        • Ganz D.A.
        • Giannitrapani K.F.
        • Yano E.M.
        • Rubenstein L.V.
        • et al.
        Elements of the healthy work environment associated with lower primary care nurse burnout.
        Nurs. Outlook. 2020; 68: 14-25
        • Correia I.
        • Almeida A.E.
        Organizational justice, professional identification, empathy, and meaningful work during COVID-19 pandemic: are they burnout protectors in physicians and nurses?.
        Front Psychol. 2020; 11566139
        • Lee J.M.
        • Carlson E.
        • Albanese-O'Neill A.
        • Demeterco-Berggren C.
        • Corathers S.D.
        • Vendrame F.
        • et al.
        Adoption of telemedicine for type 1 diabetes care during the COVID-19 pandemic.
        Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2021; 23: 642-651
        • Donaghy E.
        • Atherton H.
        • Hammersley V.
        • McNeilly H.
        • Bikker A.
        • Robbins L.
        • et al.
        Acceptability, benefits, and challenges of video consulting: a qualitative study in primary care.
        Br. J. Gen. Pr. 2019; 69: e586-e594
      4. Greenhalgh T.A.-O., Shaw S.A.-O., Wherton J.A.-O., Vijayaraghavan S.A.-O., Morris J.A.-O.X., Bhattacharya S.A.-O., et al. Real-World Implementation of Video Outpatient Consultations at Macro, Meso, and Micro Levels: Mixed-Method Study. (1438–8871 (Electronic)).

        • Jimenez-Rodriguez D.
        • Garcia A.S.
        • Robles J.M.
        • Salvador M.D.R.
        • Ronda F.J.M.
        • Arrogante O.
        Increase in video consultations during the COVID-19 pandemic: healthcare professionals' perceptions about their implementation and adequate management.
        Int J. Environ. Res. Pub He. 2020; 17: 14
        • Shah M.K.
        • Gandrakota N.
        • Cimiotti J.P.
        • Ghose N.
        • Moore M.
        • Ali M.K.
        Prevalence of and factors associated with nurse Burnout in the US (vol 4, e2036469, 2021).
        JAMA Netw. Open. 2021; 4
        • Rushforth B.
        • McCrorie C.
        • Glidewell L.
        • Midgley E.
        • Foy R.
        Barriers to effective management of type 2 diabetes in primary care: qualitative systematic review.
        Br. J. Gen. Pract. 2016; 66: E114-E127